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      <a href="/2018/09/08/wxapp-page-and-navigate/" title="小程序页面管理与跳转" itemprop="url">小程序页面管理与跳转</a>
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      <a href="https://godbasin.github.io" title="被删">被删</a>
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  <p class="article-time">
    <time datetime="2018-09-08T10:19:08.000Z" itemprop="datePublished">2018-09-08</time>
    更新日期:<time datetime="2018-09-17T13:36:56.724Z" itemprop="dateModified">2018-09-17</time>
    
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		<div id="toc" class="toc-article">
			<strong class="toc-title">文章目录</strong>
		<ol class="toc"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#小程序的启动"><span class="toc-number">1.</span> <span class="toc-text">小程序的启动</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#小程序启动过程"><span class="toc-number">1.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">小程序启动过程</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#注册-App-实例"><span class="toc-number">1.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">注册 App 实例</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#获取-App-实例"><span class="toc-number">1.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">获取 App 实例</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#小程序页面"><span class="toc-number">2.</span> <span class="toc-text">小程序页面</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#页面生命周期"><span class="toc-number">2.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">页面生命周期</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#页面导航"><span class="toc-number">2.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">页面导航</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#页面层级准备"><span class="toc-number">2.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">页面层级准备</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#参考"><span class="toc-number">3.</span> <span class="toc-text">参考</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#结束语"><span class="toc-number">4.</span> <span class="toc-text">结束语</span></a></li></ol>
		</div>
		
		<p>一个小程序有很多页面，每个页面又有各自的线程、生命周期和功能逻辑。关于小程序的生命周期、页面之间的跳转有哪些特殊的地方呢？<br><a id="more"></a></p>
<h2 id="小程序的启动"><a href="#小程序的启动" class="headerlink" title="小程序的启动"></a>小程序的启动</h2><hr>
<h3 id="小程序启动过程"><a href="#小程序启动过程" class="headerlink" title="小程序启动过程"></a>小程序启动过程</h3><p>初次进入小程序的时候，微信客户端初始化好宿主环境，同时从网络下载或者从本地缓存中拿到小程序的代码包，把它注入到宿主环境。大概是这么个过程：</p>
<ol>
<li>创建线程（渲染层和逻辑层），启动小程序。</li>
<li>载入基础库（WebView 基础库和 AppService 基础库）。</li>
<li>载入小程序业务代码（下载或者从本地缓存中拿到）。</li>
<li>使用<code>App()</code>注册程序实例。</li>
</ol>
<p>为了让小程序业务代码能够调用 API 以及组件，就需要在启动小程序后先载入基础库，接着再载入业务代码。<br>由于所有小程序都需要注入相同的基础库，所以<strong>小程序的基础库会被提前内置在微信客户端</strong>。而基础库是热更新的，故一般等微信客户端携带上一个稳定版的基础库正式发布后，再进行新版本基础库的灰度和推送。</p>
<h3 id="注册-App-实例"><a href="#注册-App-实例" class="headerlink" title="注册 App 实例"></a>注册 App 实例</h3><p>宿主环境提供了<code>App()</code>构造器用来注册一个程序 App。App 实例是单例对象，在其他 JS 脚本中可以使用宿主环境提供的<code>getApp()</code>来获取程序实例。</p>
<p><strong>App() 必须在 app.js 中调用，必须调用且只能调用一次。不然会出现无法预期的后果。</strong></p>
<p><code>App()</code>函数用来注册一个小程序。接受一个<code>Object</code>参数，其指定小程序的生命周期回调等。</p>
<p><strong>onLaunch</strong><br>小程序初始化完成时（全局只触发一次）触发<code>onLaunch</code>回调。<br>在微信客户端中打开小程序有很多途径，对不同途径的打开方式，小程序有时需要做不同的业务处理。所以微信客户端会把打开方式带给<code>onLaunch</code>和<code>onShow</code>的调用参数<code>options</code>，我们可以根据参数来判断一些进入方式，以及做对应的逻辑处理。</p>
<p>例如，我需要拿到从另外一个小程序跳转过来携带的信息，此时场景值应该是1037（参考<a href="https://developers.weixin.qq.com/miniprogram/dev/framework/app-service/scene.html" target="_blank" rel="external">场景值</a>）：</p>
<figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">7</div><div class="line">8</div><div class="line">9</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">App(&#123;</div><div class="line">  <span class="comment">// ...</span></div><div class="line">  onShow: <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span>(<span class="params">e</span>) </span>&#123;</div><div class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span>(e.scene === <span class="number">1037</span>)&#123;</div><div class="line">      <span class="keyword">const</span> data = e.referrerInfo &amp;&amp; e.referrerInfo.extraData; <span class="comment">// 拿到对应的数据</span></div><div class="line">      <span class="keyword">const</span> refAppid = e.referrerInfo &amp;&amp; e.referrerInfo.appId; <span class="comment">// 拿到对应的小程序appid</span></div><div class="line">    &#125;</div><div class="line">  &#125;</div><div class="line">&#125;)</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><strong>onShow</strong><br>小程序启动，或从后台进入前台显示时触发<code>onShow</code>回调。通常我们用来处理数据和状态的更新。<br>小程序进入后台状态：当用户点击左上角关闭，或者按了设备 Home 键离开微信，小程序并没有直接销毁。</p>
<p><strong>onHide</strong><br>小程序从前台进入后台时触发<code>onHide</code>回调。<br>小程序进入前台状态：当再次进入微信或再次打开小程序，又会从后台进入前台。</p>
<h3 id="获取-App-实例"><a href="#获取-App-实例" class="headerlink" title="获取 App 实例"></a>获取 App 实例</h3><p>我们可以使用全局的<code>getApp()</code>函数来获取到小程序 App 实例（在<code>App()</code>内的函数中使用<code>this</code>就可以拿到<code>app</code>实例。）。</p>
<p>前面我们可以看到，App 的生命周期是由微信客户端根据用户操作主动触发的。故我们通过<code>getApp()</code>获取实例之后，不应该私自调用生命周期函数。</p>
<p>具体的原理是什么呢？小程序的 JS 脚本是运行在 JsCore 的线程里，小程序的每个页面各自有一个 WebView 线程进行渲染，所以<strong>小程序切换页面时，小程序逻辑层的 JS 脚本运行上下文依旧在同一个 JsCore 线程中。</strong></p>
<p>因此，<strong>App 构造器可以传递其他参数作为全局属性以达到全局共享数据的目的。</strong></p>
<p>由于所有页面的脚本逻辑都跑在同一个 JsCore 线程，页面使用<code>setTimeout</code>或者<code>setInterval</code>的定时器，即使切换了页面，也需要自行清理定时器。可以选择：</p>
<ul>
<li>在页面离开<code>onUnload</code>、<code>onHide</code>等的时候自行清理</li>
<li>做全局的定时器管理（当然也还是需要关闭时清理）</li>
</ul>
<p>说到页面之间的数据共享，我们也该来讲讲小程序里页面的启动。</p>
<h2 id="小程序页面"><a href="#小程序页面" class="headerlink" title="小程序页面"></a>小程序页面</h2><hr>
<h3 id="页面生命周期"><a href="#页面生命周期" class="headerlink" title="页面生命周期"></a>页面生命周期</h3><p>宿主环境提供了<code>Page(Object)</code>构造器用来注册一个小程序页面，接受一个<code>Object</code>类型参数，其指定页面的初始数据、生命周期回调、事件处理函数等。</p>
<p>注意：<strong>Object 内容在页面加载时会进行一次深拷贝，需考虑数据大小对页面加载的开销。</strong></p>
<p>这里我们先来看看官方的生命周期图：</p>
<p><img src="https://github-imglib-1255459943.cos.ap-chengdu.myqcloud.com/mina-lifecycle.png" alt="image"></p>
<p>左侧是渲染层，右侧是逻辑层。几件事：</p>
<ol>
<li>渲染层和逻辑层之间通信，是通过 Native 转发实现的。</li>
<li>逻辑层通过 Page 实例的<code>setData</code>方法传递数据到渲染层。由于需要两个线程的一些通信消耗，为了提高性能，每次只设置需要改变的最小单位数据。</li>
<li>生命周期顺序：<code>onLoad</code> -&gt; <code>onShow</code> -&gt; <code>onReady</code>。</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>页面生命周期函数</strong>：<br><strong>onLoad(Object query)</strong><br>页面加载时触发。一个页面只会调用一次，可以在<code>onLoad</code>的参数中获取打开当前页面路径中的参数。</p>
<p><strong>onShow()</strong><br>页面显示/切入前台时触发。</p>
<p><strong>onReady()</strong><br>页面初次渲染完成时触发。一个页面只会调用一次，代表页面已经准备妥当，可以和视图层进行交互。</p>
<p><strong>onHide()</strong><br>页面隐藏/切入后台时触发。</p>
<p><strong>onUnload()</strong><br>页面卸载时触发。</p>
<p>和小程序实例的生命周期对比，其实页面也是有些相似。这里需要注意几点：</p>
<ul>
<li>当前页面路径的参数获取，只能在<code>onLoad(query)</code>的<code>query</code>参数中获取，无法在<code>onShow()</code>中获取</li>
<li><code>onLoad</code>、<code>onReady</code>和<code>onUnload</code>，一个页面都只会调用一次</li>
<li>页面是卸载还是切换到后台，这些除了与小程序的后台切换有关系，还会与页面的跳转、切换逻辑有关系</li>
</ul>
<p>下面我们就来看下页面的逻辑。</p>
<h3 id="页面导航"><a href="#页面导航" class="headerlink" title="页面导航"></a>页面导航</h3><p>我们知道，一个小程序会拥有多个页面。在小程序里会有页面的层级关系，例如通过<code>wx.navigateTo</code>推入一个新的页面，在首页使用2次<code>wx.navigateTo</code>后，页面层级会有三层：</p>
<p><img src="https://github-imglib-1255459943.cos.ap-chengdu.myqcloud.com/111.png" alt="image"></p>
<p><strong>获取页面栈</strong><br><code>getCurrentPages()</code>函数用于获取当前页面栈的实例，以数组形式按栈的顺序给出，第一个元素为首页，最后一个元素为当前页面。<br>需要注意的是：</p>
<ul>
<li>修改页面栈会导致路由以及页面状态错误</li>
<li><code>App.onLaunch</code>的时候 page 还没有生成，不能在这调用<code>getCurrentPages()</code></li>
</ul>
<p>但是其实不是每一次切换页面，都会被记录到页面栈里，我们看看页面导航的一些方法和行为：</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>路由方式</th>
<th>触发时机</th>
<th>页面栈表现</th>
<th>进入方式</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>初始化</td>
<td>小程序打开的第一个页面</td>
<td>新页面入栈</td>
<td>从下往上升起</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>打开新页面</td>
<td>调用 API <code>wx.navigateTo</code></td>
<td>新页面入栈</td>
<td>从右往左切入</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>页面重定向</td>
<td>调用 API <code>wx.redirectTo</code></td>
<td>当前页面出栈，新页面入栈</td>
<td>页面重新加载</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>页面返回</td>
<td>返回/调用 API <code>wx.navigateBack</code></td>
<td>页面不断出栈，直到目标返回页</td>
<td>从右往左切回</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Tab 切换</td>
<td>切换/调用 API <code>wx.switchTab</code></td>
<td>页面全部出栈，只留下新的 Tab 页面</td>
<td>页面重新加载</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>重加载</td>
<td>调用 API <code>wx.reLaunch</code></td>
<td>页面全部出栈，只留下新的页面</td>
<td>页面重新加载</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>关于导航 API 的几个补充点：</p>
<ul>
<li><code>wx.navigateTo</code>和<code>wx.redirectTo</code>只能打开非 TabBar 页面，<code>wx.switchTab</code>只能打开 Tabbar 页面，<code>wx.reLaunch</code>可以打开任意页面</li>
<li>TabBar 页面指在 app.json 的 TabBar 字段定义的页面（客户端窗口的底部或顶部有 tab 栏可以切换页面）</li>
<li>跳转到 TabBar 页面，路径后不能带参数（注意，Tabbar 页面初始化之后不会被销毁）</li>
<li>调用页面路由带的参数可以在目标页面的<code>onLoad</code>中获取</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="页面层级准备"><a href="#页面层级准备" class="headerlink" title="页面层级准备"></a>页面层级准备</h3><p>我们知道页面栈的表现，以及一些常见的导航方法，而小程序基础库也在页面层级做了些体验优化。</p>
<p>对于每一个新的页面层级，视图层都需要进行一些额外的准备工作：</p>
<ul>
<li>在小程序启动前，微信会提前准备好一个页面层级用于展示小程序的首页</li>
<li>每当一个页面层级被用于渲染页面，微信都会提前开始准备一个新的页面层级，减少每次新开页面的耗时</li>
</ul>
<p>每个页面的准备都有三个阶段：</p>
<ol>
<li>启动一个 WebView。</li>
<li>WebView 中初始化基础库（此时还会进行一些基础库内部优化，以提升页面渲染性能）。</li>
<li>注入小程序 WXML 结构和 WXSS 样式（小程序能在接收到页面初始数据之后马上开始渲染页面）。</li>
</ol>
<p>PS：<code>wx.redirectTo</code>不会打开一个新的页面层级，而是将当前页面层级重新初始化。</p>
<h2 id="参考"><a href="#参考" class="headerlink" title="参考"></a>参考</h2><ul>
<li><a href="https://developers.weixin.qq.com/miniprogram/dev/api/ui-navigate.html" target="_blank" rel="external">导航.小程序</a></li>
<li><a href="https://developers.weixin.qq.com/miniprogram/dev/framework/app-service/route.html" target="_blank" rel="external">路由.小程序</a></li>
<li><a href="https://developers.weixin.qq.com/ebook?action=get_post_info&amp;token=935589521&amp;volumn=1&amp;lang=zh_CN&amp;book=miniprogram&amp;docid=0004eec99acc808b00861a5bd5280a" target="_blank" rel="external">3.2 程序与页面</a></li>
<li><a href="https://developers.weixin.qq.com/ebook?action=get_post_info&amp;token=935589521&amp;volumn=1&amp;lang=zh_CN&amp;book=miniprogram&amp;docid=000a64a29c48b0eb0086f161b5940a" target="_blank" rel="external">7.2 页面层级准备</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="结束语"><a href="#结束语" class="headerlink" title="结束语"></a>结束语</h2><hr>
<p>页面的路由和跳转、切入方式，其实和用户的使用和交互紧紧相关，设计合理也是能大大提升用户体验的。<br>其实这一节的内容，大部分都是小程序文档里面有的。只不过好些相关的内容被分散在各个地方，理解和使用起来还是需要查找，这一节就当作整理笔记吧。</p>
  
		
		<p style="margin-top:50px;">查看Github有更多内容噢：<a href="https://github.com/godbasin">https://github.com/godbasin</a></p>
	</div>
	<img src="https://github-imglib-1255459943.cos.ap-chengdu.myqcloud.com/2code2.jpg" width="200" height="200" style="display:block;margin: 0 auto;" />
	<p style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 20px;">码生艰难，写文不易，给我家猪囤点猫粮了喵~</p>
	<div class="author-right">
  		<p>作者：被删</p>
  		<p>出处：<a href="https://godbasin.github.io">https://godbasin.github.io</a></p>
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</script>







  </body>
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